Rio Tinto Investment Opportunity In Afghanistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2171 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited (collectively known as Rio Tinto), operating as a single business organization, is engaged in international mining group which encompasses exploring for, mining, and processing the earths mineral resources. The group offers products which include aluminum, copper, diamonds, energy products (coal and uranium), gold, industrial minerals (borax, titanium dioxide, salt, and talc), and iron ore. The group has global operations with significant businesses in Australia, North America, South America, Asia, Europe, and South Africa. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rio Tinto Investment Opportunity In Afghanistan" essay for you Create order Rio Tinto operates through six business groups: aluminum; copper; diamonds and minerals; energy; iron ore; and other operations. The company recorded revenues of $41,825 million during the financial year ended December 2009 (FY2009), a decrease of 22.9% compared with FY2008. The operating profit of the company was $5,920 million during FY2009, a decrease of 20.8% compared with FY2008. The net profit was $4,872 million in FY2009, an increase of 32.5% over FY2008. Though it is said to be successful in most of the parts of world, it required a big change in the cultural environment and strategic approach. Several questions bothered the Rio Tinto such as: Whether the company should look at opportunity in Afghanistan ? Would exploration of copper in china beneficial with chinalcos strategic partnership? as a consultant out of U21G I have been assigned with the task of working out the strategic approaches of Rio Tinto weather to enter in to Afghanistan with challenges or enter in China with JV of Chinalco. Key Drivers Challenges for foreign investment in extractive industries Mineral endowments provide opportunities for economic development and poverty alleviation in the counties where they are located. Supply of minerals is essential for economic development; no modern economy can function without adequate, affordable and secure access to these raw materials. The cost of exploiting new mineral deposits are likely to rise, which might keep prices at relatively high levels in the coming years The high prices have spurred an investment boom in mineral exploration and extraction. Challenges Global mineral markets are characterized by an uneven geographical distribution of reserves, production and consumption. Developing and transition economies are among main producers and net exporters of various minerals, these imbalances can create concerns among importing countries over the security of supply, and concerns among exporting countries over market access. Extractive activities, regardless of who undertakes them, involve environmental c osts. The quality of government policies and institutions is a determining factor for ensuring sustainable development gains from resource extraction. Source : UNCTAD The evolution of policy approaches towards foreign investment Technological, Research Development trends in extractive industries Technology Seismic prospecting and remote-sensing satellites are the new technologies to search for the potential minerals. New technology such as nanotechnology is introduced to detect gases. Research Mining equipment and its automation. Material man transport related research. Mine Design , speacially focusing deep , high-wall and long-wall mines Methods on Innovative mining. Development Mine heating and cooling ventilation. Fire suppression and prevention. Machine Safety and Ergonomics. Emission monitoring and control on diesel engines. Research Policies Regulatory frameworks in Afghanistan. 1. According to the Afghan constitution, article nine, the government of Afghanistan owns mines and other natural resources. 2 Ministry of Mines as a key sectoral ministry is currently Involved in the research, exploration, development, exploitation, and processing of minerals and hydrocarbons, 3 Ministry is also responsible for protection of ownership, transportation and marketing of those resources in accordance to the countries new Laws (Minerals and Hydrocarbons). 4 The long term vision of the Ministry is the creation of an effective administration, utilization of natural resources, creation of jobs, the encouragement of private investment in the mining and hydrocarbon sectors, and increasing government revenue. 5 Holders of Mineral Rights have rights to foreign exchange and international banking provisions, provided that they have paid all applicable taxes, duties and other charges. 6 State guarantees provide for companies to organize their operations as they se e fit, and to have access to raw materials, markets for goods and services, and sale of products 7 The Ministry of Mines provides assurances of protection against financial consequences of legislation which becomes effective after issuance of the Mineral Right. 8 The Ministry of Mines will adhere to standards regarding transparency within the extractive industries. Analysis based on OLI Framework. OLI analysis for the following challenges in the Afghanistan market Ownership Advantages : Private sector can acquire significant land holdings for exploration and/or exploitation The Ministry of Mines provides assurances of protection against financial consequences of legislation which becomes effective after issuance of the Mineral Right. Location Advantages : There are no location advantages , as currently Afghanistan has very poor infrastructure , which will take at least another 5 years to build , and also there is not sea port to its borders. Crime, theft and disorder, electricity are major issues in the location. International Advantage: As no other international player has entered Afghanistan , there is a good opportunity for long term investment. Afghanistan has enacted a modern secured transactions law which makes it easier for businesses to secure a loan. Key Success Factors. Improve companys position on the global cost curve of aluminium assets. Exploration of copper with a partnership with china. Analysis based on Porters Five Forces. Barriers to entry Afghanistan needs a good infrastructure No Skilled labour government Laws are still not clear and very new. Afghanistan has a major culture barrier Terrorism , crime theft are major issues in country Threat of substitutes Infrastructure has to be build to start the business. Initial business will have great risk Bargaining power of buyers Time to export goods is very high Cost of export is very, as no adequate infrastructure. Bargaining power of suppliers Very few options for suppliers No other MNC has setup business in the country Rivalry among the existing players Alcoa Inc Anglo American plc. Barrick Gold Corporation BHP Billiton Group SWOT Analysis with strategies in China Strengths Extensive global presence : Rio Tinto has a geographically diversified its revenue base. Over a period of time the company has developed diverse revenue streams and is not dependent on any one market. Extensive global presence coupled with geographically diversified revenue base protects the group from fall in demand of any one country or region and reduces its business risk. Extensive business lines : Rio Tinto group is organized into five geographically based teams in North America, South America, Australia, Asia, and Africa/Europe; and a sixth project generation team that searches the world for new opportunities and provides geological, geophysical, and commercial expertise to the regional teams. Rio Tintos extensive business line helps the company in diversifying its business risk. Weaknesses High debt: Rio Tinto has a significant amount of debt. Net debt at the end of FY2009 stood at $18.9 billion. Although the group has reduced its net debt from $38.7 billion in FY2008, it is still substantial. This substantial debt could limit its ability to obtain additional financing to operate its business. Further, it would make it difficult for the group to satisfy its obligations including making interest payments on debt obligations. High debt could also limit Rio Tintos capital expenditure. The group requires substantial capital to invest in greenfield and brownfield projects, and to extend the life and capacity of its existing operations ,high debt, the group could be forced to reduce its capital expenditure further, which may negatively impact the timing of its growth and future prospects. Pension obligations: Certain of Rio Tintos businesses sponsor defined benefit pension plans. As at 31 December 2009, the group had estimated pension liabilities of $16.2 billion and assets of $12.4 billion. After excluding those pension arrangements deliberately operated as unfunded arrangements, representing liabilities of $1.1 billion, the global funding level for pension liabilities was approximately 82%. If the funding level materially deteriorates further, cash contributions from the group may be needed, pressurizing the liquidity position of Rio Tinto. Opportunities Growth prospect of the Chinese economy: The effect of the Chinese Governments monetary stimulus package recovery has resulted in Chinas gross domestic product (GDP) recording strong growth in the second half of 2009. Actual growth during the period surpassed 8%. The improvements that the company recorded in its financial performance during the second half of FY2009 were primarily driven by this stronger Chinese GDP growth and its attendant effects on Chinese construction and infrastructure development. It is expected that strong growth of the Chinese GDP will continue through 2010 as the country continues to urbanize and industrialize. China is expected to be the key driver for the mining industry in the future, with exponential growth of Chinas demand for iron ore, copper, coal, and aluminum to continue over the next 15 years as the average wealth of many millions of people increases. An important objective of Rio Tinto for FY2010 is to strengthen its relationship with China , the most important destination for the groups products and the largest contributor to its total revenues (China is Rio Tintos largest geographical market, accounting for 24.3% of the total revenues in FY2009). Continued improvement of the Chinese economy provides Rio Tinto with the largest source of short term demand growth. Strategic divestitures to reduce debt: Rio Tinto has made several strategic divestitures. For instance, in February 2009, Rio Tinto completed the sale of its undeveloped potash assets to Vale, the Brazilian mining company, for a cash consideration of $850 million. Additionally, in March 2009, Rio Tinto signed a sale and purchase agreement to sell its Jacobs Ranch coal mine to Arch Coal (a coal producer) for a total cash consideration of $761 million. In September 2009, Rio Tinto completed the sale of its Corumba iron ore mine in Brazil and the associated river logistics operations to Vale for a $750 million. In December 2009, Rio Tinto completed the sale of Alcan Composites, part of the Alcan engineered products division, to Schweiter Technologies for $349 million. Such strategic divestitures made by Rio Tinto could help the group to reduce its substantial debt. Threats Uncertainty regarding commodity prices and global demand: Commodity prices and demand for Rio Tintos products are cyclical and strongly influenced by world economic growth. This is particularly so for the groups key customers, especially in the US and Asia. There is potential volatility in short to medium term commodity prices as various national stimulus packages are reduced. Muted consumer spending may result from concerns over unemployment. The groups normal policy is to sell its products at prevailing market prices and not to enter into price hedging arrangements. The recent improvement in commodity prices and demand for the groups products may not remain as strong, which would have an adverse impact on Rio Tintos revenues, earnings, cash flows, and growth. Regulations:Rio Tinto operates in an industry that is subject to numerous health, safety, and environmental laws, regulations, and standards. The group is subject to extensive governmental regulations in all jurisdictions in which it operates. Operations are subject to general and specific regulations governing mining and processing, land tenure and use, environmental requirements (including site specific environmental licenses, permits, and statutory authorizations), workplace health and safety, social impacts, trade and export, corporations, competition, access to infrastructure, foreign investment, and taxation. Some operations are conducted under specific agreements with respective governments and associated acts of parliament but unilateral variations could diminish or even remove such rights. Evolving regulatory standards can result in increased litigation and/or increased costs, all of which can have an adverse effect on Rio Tintos earnings and cash flows. Risk associated with fluctuations in exchange rates:Rio Tinto is exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates. The majority of the groups sales are denominated in US dollars. The group also finances its operations and holds surplus cash pri marily in US dollars. Given the dominant role of the US dollar in the groups operations, it is the currency in which its results are presented both internally and externally. The group also incurs costs in US dollars but significant costs are influenced by the local currencies of the territories in which its ore reserves and other assets are located. These currencies are principally the Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, and Euro. The groups normal policy is not to enter into hedging arrangements relating to changes or fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. As a result, if there is an appreciation in the value of these currencies against the US dollar or prolonged periods of exchange rate volatility, these changes may have a negative impact on the groups results of operations. Conclusion Action Plan: With all its experiences in the field of exploration Rio Tinto is capable of expanding its business in Afghanistan and China . It needs to carry out proper CAGE analysis and SWOT analysis to decide about the right strategies to be adopted. With proper understanding on the cultural environment and adopting the right product marketing strategies Grupo Bimbo can grow in Brazil and China to strengthen its global presence. In this case analysis we presented how the challenges in Brazil and US can be addressed by the Grupo Bimbo using the analytical tools. Based on the analysis, we recommend that GB can enter in to both China and Brazilian market with different strategic approaches given in the case analysis.

A Brief Note On The Architect Of Canada - 813 Words

How to Become an Architect in Canada A career in architecture can pave the way for a rewarding future in the design of homes, buildings, and other structures. Architects use computer aided design (CAD) software to create the blueprints for residential and commercial structures. Some create plans that builders will use as templates for new construction throughout your city or province, while others create unique, one-of-a-kind buildings. Once you learn how to become an architect in Canada, you can start your career by using your education and training to create your own blueprints and designs. Although you ll need considerable preparation for this job, it pays off in job perks and impressive salaries. Steps to Becoming an Architect Complete your high school education and obtain a bachelor s degree in architecture. If you want to expand your job prospects and salary potential, obtain a master s degree in architecture. Take an internship in architecture to learn from a practising architect in your province. Pass the provincial or territorial exam to get your architecture licence. Education Requirements for Architects To pursue an architect career, you need a solid education. Bachelor s and master s degree programmes will include courses on the history of architecture, various architectural styles, computer software, design best practices, mathematics (especially physics), model building, and more. In addition to theoretical and academic courses, you will alsoShow MoreRelatedCanadian Tort Law1353 Words   |  6 Pagesunder Canadian Tort law. Engineers, architects, and contractors need to be respectful of their duty of care to ensure their product is precisely produced with no danger of negligence. In 1972, Bird Construction Company Limited entered into a contract with Tuxedo Properties Company Limited of Winnipeg. 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Should Downloading Music Be Illegal. free essay sample

I have some comments about it I would like to acknowledge about it: Firstly when you mention that you advocate a culture In which people actually want to spend money on music, but I actually think we should advocate a culture where everybody listens to music and not Just the ones who have a computer and and a bank account, I believe that music should be a right and not a privilege and everybody should want to willingly listen to music.Then you argue that people value music but they dont value it in the sense that they will willingly fork over $1 for a song, I have more than 2 thousand songs in my library, that is equal to 2 thousand dollars and I really dont have that extra money to spend and people usually dont Eke to spend their money on things they can get for free. I would much rather use that money to buy something else and if we had to pay for every single song we would like to listen to our music library would be much smaller and we could not enjoy music as much as we enjoy It when we have a large variety ofIt. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Downloading Music Be Illegal. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the consumer, music Is not a product or a service. They pay for physical copies music such as Cads, they pay for music sheets or for subscriptions to music services, but they dont pay for a song by itself. After that you state that artists now have no money to keep recording music and have to go on tours to get the money. I do agree that some artist that are not yet discovered should get support from their fans so they could keep recording music, but arent musicians supposed to be doing music because its their passion?They are to supposed to go into the business because they want money and fame even though I dont see the artist at the top of the charts starving to death. Music Is about passion and the ones who are recording music are supposed to want to bring their music to all kinds of people so they can enjoy It and the musician Is supposed to be satisfied with that and not be crushed because they are not the cover of a magazine. I also think that tours are a great thing, why listen to a record when you can go out and the real human behind the voice live and enjoy it more closely.Its clear that everybody thinks music should be free, because its going to sell everywhere else. Why should the music industry care whether the money comes from a tour with $100 in profits or the exact same amount is broug ht in from CD purchases? In the end, it doesnt matter, money is still coming in and can be used to record more music. Then you talk about how music labels are closing because the lack of money they are getting but I actually think that record labels are trying to turn music into gold, music cording labels are getting a large cut of the artists money and are overcharging.The artist who are not yet discovered cant record a good album because the labels are asking for absurd quantities of money which the artist cant pay, so the label closes and the villous circle starts again elsewhere. I think labels should spend more time developing the artists because they would have a stake in them that extended n music and be looking for money and a the same time state that they truly care about the musicians.In conclusion I think that we do need to support our artists, but that could be done a million ways other than paying an overpriced dollar for a song. Ninth the internet now how can we be surprised when people now expect to get their music online for free? The internet file sharing and the advantages we now have in technology I see no way to make the clock turned back and force people to start paying again. So the business has to get creative and evolve away from the sale of recorded music and start receiving money in other ways.

Social environment Essay Example

Social environment Paper Demographic changes and opinions: Increasingly diverse racial and religious distribution of the population Income People and the environment Increasingly diverse racial and religious distribution of the population Cultural factors; religious beliefs, e. G. There is a negative demand for beef as cow is considered to be holy Subway; Subway will now have 185 hall outlets in the ELK; this was due to a strong demand for their Muslim customers. This is an example of a business changing to meet the needs of customers. Subways re trying to be more socially responsible by stunning their animals first, to appease consumers with strong moral objections. This is important because a study by Forbes showed that 65% of workers would seriously consider leaving their jobs if they worked for a company that harmed the environment. Research has shown that over 88% of consumers think companies should try to achieve their business goals while improving society and the environment. So therefore Subways diverse workforce may provide ideas that a more homogeneous workforce could miss. Also, they might have a greater understanding of markets that may be segmented on these factors. They may also provide more natural links to market opportunities abroad, through linguistic skills, cultural knowledge and knowledge of foreign markets. This can explain why Subway operates in 83 countries, with a rapid rise in sales in Germany, its second most valuable Western European market. Income Income can affect business. A companys products usually appeal to certain income groups. People with lower incomes are more sensitive to price and may prefer purchasing discount products. We will write a custom essay sample on Social environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Supermarkets are experiencing a hanged in market share because of the increase of people with lower incomes and less disposable income who are sensitive to price (elasticity of demand) and a shift in tastes and trends, with cheap foods becoming increasingly in demand. This means that the demand for discount food stores is increasing. Tests; an example of a food store that is experiencing a decrease in market share because people cannot afford Tests foods and prefer bargain stores like Lid. Decos market share over the last 12 weeks (from outhouse) compared to a year ago is down from 29. 6% to 28. 7%. Tests have responded to the threat with hard discounters by launching a price war on milk and other essentials. Tests has cut the price of pant milk to El to match budget chains. People are more aware Of the importance of the environment and becoming green consumers; prefer environmentally-friendly goods which have less impact on the environment e. G. Refer to travel by bus. Cataracts; expanding their recycling programmer to reduce waste minimizing energy consumption and using renewable energy sources Achieve this by developing more environmentally-friendly cups, evaluating store sign and operations to identify ways to reduce the amount of water used, use responsible building materials and energy efficient designs for their stores The changing nature of the ethical environment Moral principles that should underpin decision making. Ethical behavior involves actions and decisions that are seen to be morally correct Ethics are the set of moral values held by an individual or group. An organization may make decision that it believes to be morally right, rather than one that suits the needs of some of its stakeholders. Thus a decision made on ethical grounds might reject the most profitable solution for an organization in favor of one of greater benefit to society. Seibel ethical stances Organizations may take different stances in relation to ethics, including: Viewing shareholders or owners short term interests as their only responsibility Recognizing that well managed relationships with other stakeholders bring long term benefits to shareholders or owners Including the interested and expectations of stakeholders in their mission Taking an ideological approach and placing financial considerations secondary Ethical Codes An instruction from an organization to its employees to indicate how they would react to situat ions relating to moral values The focus of the code will depend on the business concerned. A typical code may include sections on Personal integrity in dealing with suppliers and in handling the firms resources Corporate integrity such as forbidding collusion with competitors and predatory pricing Social responsibility to provide products of genuine value that are honestly promoted Critics believe there is nothing more than public relations exercises Ethical Investment Stock market investment based on a restricted list of firms that are ethically sound Ethical investors do not invest in firms that Finance weapons deals to oppressive governments Make products involving tobacco, fur, animal testing and exploitative farming Do not act responsibly towards the environment or are not good employers Advantages/Disadvantages with Ethical Behavior Reviewing a firms ethical position A number of elements should be considered when reviewing a companys ethical position. Individuals Each person has their own set of personal standards derived from their upbringing educations and background. As they make decisions, their own ideas of what is right and wrong is involved Corporate culture Set of unwritten rules that affect the attitudes and management style of a business. This can affect how employees behave in order to do well at the business Public standards Operate in an environment that affect everything they do and the results they achieve. A public outcry against a particular type of activity will force a business to look at itself and decide if it needs to change. It may also mean other businesses look at themselves as well Competitors A USPS can be built based on emphasizing their ethical stance. Other businesses may then review their operations Ethics, Business Culture and Delegation Organizations have cultures and codes of behavior that affect attitudes, decision making and management style. If there is conflict between the ethical position of the organization and the moral values of the individuals it employs, then delegated decision making may not reflect the ethical position of the organization. The potential of this problem can be minimized if the culture is one which all employees understand and take responsibility for. Changing business cultures is not easy and investment in effective training and communication is important to ensure that all staff behave in an agreed ethical manner. Creating an ethical culture within a business can actually improve motivation and can become part of a wider policy of employee empowerment. Corporate Social Responsibility The duties of an organization towards employees, customers, society and the environment Benefits to Society Problems such as unemployment and pollution are likely to be reduced Quality Of life is likely to be improved Society longer term needs are likely to be considered rather than simply the short term needs of a business Life and business activity will be easier if everyone involved is working together for the common good Simply the right wing to do. Firms have a duty to be concerned with the wider impact of their activities Benefits to Firms Improved financial performance Reduced operating costs due to greater recycling Enhanced brand image and reputation which could bring in more customers, trading partners and makes it easier to attract capital investment Increased sales and customer loyalty Increased ability to attract and retain employees Access to capital Arguments against CARS Efficient use or resources is likely to be reduced if business are restricted by how they can produce and where they can locate which could lead to higher sots and prices Socially responsible policies can be costly to introduce Stakeholders tend to have differing objectives and are therefore unlikely to agree on what is socially responsible behavior Social responsibility may be just a passing fashion and nobody can be sure of the value of firms being socially responsible During a recession the objectives are profit and survival social responsibility doesnt matter here If something is important to society at large it can be argued that the government should pass laws to ensure everybody acts responsibly Just an extension of a firm being market orientated, meaning its only done as the customer wants it Overall, in the long term, CARS could benefit businesses, as the local community may improve in terms of wealth, quality of life and standard of living, meaning the firm could also benefit. Most large firms will produce an ethical code of practice. This will uphold the firms social responsibilities. This might include being environmentally-friendly wherever possible. Cataracts CARS; giving back to the environment Environmental mission statement; Understanding environmental issues and sharing these with staff Striving to ay, sell and use environmentally-friendly products Recognize that fiscal responsibility is essential to our environment future Installing environmental responsibility at a corporate value Example; serve high quality coffee that is ethically traded and responsibly grown. They do this through forest conservation efforts and farmer support centers. Why be ethical Marketing opportunities: A good reputation in relation to environmental issues can act as a positive marketing tool that encourages customers to choose one brand over another. They can also build a loyal customer base through USPS. Financial opportunities: Can actually make it easier to get money off certain banks banks like Cooperative will not lend money to firms with a reputation for damaging the environment. Lower costs through recycling and less waste. Human resources opportunities: Motivation, attract the best workers who want to work for a company with high standards. Poor reputation can damage reputation and the ability to attract high quality applicants Why not be ethical; More expensive to source raw materials, more expensive capital goods to cut pollution, Training workers to be ethical costs money, goings custom from more ruthless competitors Ethics or Public Relations? Public Relations Activities to boost the public profiles Of an organization Public relations usually involves obtaining favorable publicity via the press, television or radio. Unlike advertising, it is not paid for and there is no control over its content. When a business behaves ethically it may be good for PR. It has been suggested that the good PR is the main reason for ethical behavior it can help enhance the image of a business and is likely to generate more goodwill. This in turn will lead to improved sales and may eventually boost he companys share value. Example; Foxing (public relations)(benefits of not being ethical) Criticized for polluting nearby rivers with factory chemicals, black-green water dumped twice a day. Foxing said it is complying with emission standards and bring the factories into full compliance with policies and that other companies within the same industrial park are dumping water into the rivers too. This shows they are stating that their complying with emission standards for public relations because really they dont want to lose their competitive advantage from more ruthless competitors; doing it to save costs, generate reparability quick, keep costs low, keep up with demand etc More evidence that they care more about public relations is that they installed safety nets in some Of its factories and hired counselors to help its workers; not solving underlying problem of suicide so the social responsibility doesnt reflect genuine values, dont care about their staff, only care about deadlines and money. Example Primary: (genuine values) The roof of their factory in Bangladesh collapsed, killing more than 1000 people. Long-term compensation and support services for the workers and families who were irking in the factory payments end this month ($mm) = High cash outflows so less revenue. They also had building surveys to assess the structural integrity of factories which means they are addressing the underlying problem. However this may not actually affect Primary, this may be cheaper in the long term than paying their staff higher wages; a significant variable cost. This shows that corporate social responsibility is just a form of public relations and a way to back their reputation and offer a method to shut them up. Could be because of public relations?

Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Essay Example

Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Essay Example Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Paper Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Paper We then poured the water back into the test tube and placed the tube into the bucket with the opening upwards, turning the open end downwards after the tube was fully submerged beneath he surface. We then placed the canister directly below the opening of the test tube, and released the gas so that the bubbles rose into the test tube. Next, we used a cork whose head was larger than the opening of the test tube to block off the opening (without changing the pressure inside of the tube), so that we could transport the remaining water to a graduated cylinder. When doing this, it was very important that the water level inside of the tube was equal to that of the surrounding water in the bucket, because that ensured that since the eater pressure in the tube was the same as that of the surrounding water, the pressure of the gas would be the same as that of the surrounding air. Thus, we recorded the gas pressure to be the same as the pressure in the room, which was calculated to be 763. 0 meg. We poured the remaining water from the test tube into a graduated cylinder to calculate the difference between the original water volume and the volume remaining, because this difference was equal to the volume of the gas released. Next, we blow-dried and shook the canister to get rid the extra mass that would eave been added by any water that had clung onto it while it was in the bucket, and weighed the canister again. We subtracted this mass from the original mass of the canister to find out the mass of gas released. Now that we had collected our data, we used Talons law of partial pressures to calculate the pressure of the gas from the canister alone, so we subtracted the pressure of the water vapor at the recorded water temperature (1 5. ICC) from the total pressure of the gas (763. 0 meg). With the pressure of the unknown gas lone, we were ready to plug our values into the IV=nor equation. Solving for n, we were able to determine how many moles of the gas we had used, so we only had to divide the mass of gas used by the moles to calculate the molar mass of the gas (in grams per mole). With the molar mass of the gas, we were able to identify the gas. 2. Results: Below are the values we recorded for each step in the experiment, as well as the calculations we made to come up with the molar mass of the unknown gas. Thus, the unknown gas was butane, CHICHI, whose molar mass is about 58. G/ mol. 3. Discussion: The theory behind our experiment was to find each necessary factor in the simplest, most accurate way. The most difficult part was figuring out how to catch all of the gas that we released, and to measure the volume of that gas precisely. The method we used was very effective because we were able to see the movement of the gas, and we were therefore able to control its entry into the test tube. Our results were pretty accurate, but there was some room for error. Below are the calculations for the percent error of our molar mass assortment. Some of the sources of error came from possible procedural problems, while others came due to the theoretical limitations of the experiment. One of the procedural difficulties we may have encountered was that there might have still been some water left on the canister when we weighed it the second time. Because the second mass of the canister would have the added mass of the water, the difference between the original mass and the mass after the gas had been released would have been smaller. Thus, we would have recorded a lower ass of gas released, so the molar mass calculation would have been lower because the numerator of the equation would have been smaller. Perhaps we could have blow-dried the canister for a longer period of time until we were absolutely sure that no water remained. Another procedural problem was the balance we used. Because it only measures to the hundredths place, we recorded the mass of the gas released to only one significant figure. Because of this, we were limited to only one significant figure in our calculation of the molar mass, so although we would have had an answer of 52. G/mol, we had to round down to 50 g/mol, which led to a greater percent error. The theoretical difficulties arose because we were applying the ideal gas law to a real gas. So, for example, while ideal gas particles have elasticity and dont lose speed or energy when they collide, the particles of a real gas do lose energy and speed, and this decrease leads to lower pressure. Also, ideal gases do not have any intermolecular forces, and the volume of the particles of an ideal gas can be ignored, but with a real gas, the particle size makes a difference. Because butane molecules are so large ND exist in a state very close to liquid form, we know that there are very strong dispersion forces holding the molecules together. Larger molecules have more momentary dipoles, and thus a stronger attraction, so because the molecules are held so close together, the volume we recorded was smaller than it would have been if butane were an ideal gas. However, despite these errors, our calculated molar mass was not very far from the actual molar mass of butane gas, so we did a relatively good job of controlling these variables that could have greatly affected our results.

A paper on the slavery and discrimination throughout the history of Essay

A paper on the slavery and discrimination throughout the history of Chinese Immigration in Canada - Essay Example As such the history of Chinese immigration to Canada is a story paved with both slavery and discrimination. Discrimination as to race, age and gender are not only discouraged in Canada, it is considered criminal. The push to eradicate discrimination is so strong that even its citizens have the reputation of being exceedingly politically correct. There are even some who mock them for being ‘too friendly’ a country. But its surprising that such a tactful country, overly sensitive against discrimination has a dark past. And this is not merely the case of the citizenship oppressing certain minority group. On the contrary, it is the government who committed these act of prejudice as it actually legislated a series of discriminatory laws. But in June 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized at the Parliament for the discriminating policies imposed on Chinese immigrants in the early 20th century. "On behalf of the people and government of Canada, we offer a full apology to Chinese-Canadians for the head tax and express our deepest sorrow for the subsequent exclusion of Chinese immigrants," said Harper. (Xinhua) "We acknowledge the high cost of the head tax meant that many family members were left behind in China, never to be reunited, or that families lived apart and in some cases in extreme poverty for years," he said. It is believed that an estimate of 81,000 people paid this tax. (Xinhua) And on the day of the apology, there are about 35 survivors, 360 of their widows and fewer than 4,000 of their children. (Xinhua) Some of these survivors were present during the apology. Methodology To better understand the abovementioned apology, a research on the factual basis was necessary. Reference to news articles and news archives where made. As well as those to different sector groups. This report aims to present the discrimination suffered by the Chinese when they immigrated to Canada. Hence, after determining the historical facts, analysis of these data would proceed. And a discussion of the discrimination committed against Chinese immigrants in Canada would follow. Historical Background According to my research the following are the historical background of the immigration of Chinese nationals to Canada: The first Chinese immigrants to set foot in Canada were brought from Macao in 1788 by British explorer John Meares. And it was said that they were also the last for the next 70 years. It was thought that they married into native communities on the island and their cultural traces soon lost. (Chinese Immigration) In 1842, Britain and China entered the Treaty of Nanking where in it said that their respective subjects should enjoy full security and protection within the territory of the other. (Con) This included Canada. In the 1850's, due to the gold rush, there was an influx of Chinese immigrants in North America. But when gold was found in Frasier River in British Columbia in around 1858, these Chinese migrants headed north to Frasier Island in British Columbia. In 1860, others began to arrive in British Columbia directly from China. In 1861, a Victoria newspaper welcomed the immigrants by saying: "We have plenty of room for many thousands of Chinamen. There can be no shadow of a doubt but their industry enables them to add very largely to our own revenues." (Chinese Immigration) But they worked as cooks, launderers or as houseboys for wealthy white families. In the 1870's these immigrants were predominantly male. By 1879, the number of Chinese immigrants in the province was estimated to be 6,000. In 1880's the Canadian Pacific Railway was constructed and Chinese workers were brought to help. Between 1881 and 1884, over 15,000 Chinese came to Canada. But Chinese workers were often called on to do the more dangerous jobs. They worked with explosives, carried heavy rocks and stayed in unsafe tents. And pay was really low as compared with the

Greenpeace Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Greenpeace - Case Study Example In other words, Greenpeace has a reputation of an organization that is not afraid to take bold actions in order for the society to change its current perspective on the relationships with nature. In the case that will be examined in this paper one is able to see the following situation: Greenpeace has been a long proponent of switching from harmful substances that are used in refrigerators to those that are environmentally friendly. Finally, it was able to success in it by finding a company that would be willing to introduce the changes. This marked the transition from a conflict based approach of promoting environmental values to an approach that relied on cooperation and reasoning. Nowadays, Greenpeace is known to have promoted its environmentally friendly coolant almost all over the world, excluding the United States. However, there is hope that one day it may change since large companies are many certain steps towards it. To begin with, it may be rather useful to evaluate the tactics that was used by Greenpeace in the Greenfreeze campaign. First of all, one might mentioned that the organization in question tried to target the brand that directly interact with the consumers and, therefore, value their reputation. Indeed, this is a rather smart move since big industrial corporations never contact with people to whom they sell their product and they can hardly be influenced. On the other hand, big bands are willing to gain a competitive advantage by trying to attract their customers with the use of new environmentally friendly technologies (Kaufmann, 2014, p. 103). What is more important is that these brands are able to have a direct impact on the manufactures; so, by targeting them Greenpeace made a right choice. Another aspect of the strategy that should be mentioned is the fact that it promoted the technology worldwide by making sure that companies