A Brief Note On The Architect Of Canada - 813 Words

How to Become an Architect in Canada A career in architecture can pave the way for a rewarding future in the design of homes, buildings, and other structures. Architects use computer aided design (CAD) software to create the blueprints for residential and commercial structures. Some create plans that builders will use as templates for new construction throughout your city or province, while others create unique, one-of-a-kind buildings. Once you learn how to become an architect in Canada, you can start your career by using your education and training to create your own blueprints and designs. Although you ll need considerable preparation for this job, it pays off in job perks and impressive salaries. Steps to Becoming an Architect Complete your high school education and obtain a bachelor s degree in architecture. If you want to expand your job prospects and salary potential, obtain a master s degree in architecture. Take an internship in architecture to learn from a practising architect in your province. Pass the provincial or territorial exam to get your architecture licence. Education Requirements for Architects To pursue an architect career, you need a solid education. Bachelor s and master s degree programmes will include courses on the history of architecture, various architectural styles, computer software, design best practices, mathematics (especially physics), model building, and more. In addition to theoretical and academic courses, you will alsoShow MoreRelatedCanadian Tort Law1353 Words   |  6 Pagesunder Canadian Tort law. Engineers, architects, and contractors need to be respectful of their duty of care to ensure their product is precisely produced with no danger of negligence. In 1972, Bird Construction Company Limited entered into a contract with Tuxedo Properties Company Limited of Winnipeg. 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It has been a truly wonderful and enriching experience to be associated with the organization. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my guide and mentor Mr. Ravi Mishra, Lead Data Architect, American Express, and Mr. Antony Tims Elamata, Application Architect, Tata Consultancy Services, for their valuable guidance throughout the internship tenure. Thank you for showing patience with me and always encouraging me to learn throughout the course of my internship. I wouldRead MoreEngineering Performance-Based Fire Codes5830 Words   |  24 Pagescandidate to consider. Note that EPBFC is not the only choice and there are lots of problems associated with that as demonstrated while assessing fire safety design based on EA. Active updating of prescriptive codes might be easier to follow. A consultant was appointed to study how EPBFC can be implemented. However, the period of 3 years is rather short. 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Should Downloading Music Be Illegal. free essay sample

I have some comments about it I would like to acknowledge about it: Firstly when you mention that you advocate a culture In which people actually want to spend money on music, but I actually think we should advocate a culture where everybody listens to music and not Just the ones who have a computer and and a bank account, I believe that music should be a right and not a privilege and everybody should want to willingly listen to music.Then you argue that people value music but they dont value it in the sense that they will willingly fork over $1 for a song, I have more than 2 thousand songs in my library, that is equal to 2 thousand dollars and I really dont have that extra money to spend and people usually dont Eke to spend their money on things they can get for free. I would much rather use that money to buy something else and if we had to pay for every single song we would like to listen to our music library would be much smaller and we could not enjoy music as much as we enjoy It when we have a large variety ofIt. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Downloading Music Be Illegal. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the consumer, music Is not a product or a service. They pay for physical copies music such as Cads, they pay for music sheets or for subscriptions to music services, but they dont pay for a song by itself. After that you state that artists now have no money to keep recording music and have to go on tours to get the money. I do agree that some artist that are not yet discovered should get support from their fans so they could keep recording music, but arent musicians supposed to be doing music because its their passion?They are to supposed to go into the business because they want money and fame even though I dont see the artist at the top of the charts starving to death. Music Is about passion and the ones who are recording music are supposed to want to bring their music to all kinds of people so they can enjoy It and the musician Is supposed to be satisfied with that and not be crushed because they are not the cover of a magazine. I also think that tours are a great thing, why listen to a record when you can go out and the real human behind the voice live and enjoy it more closely.Its clear that everybody thinks music should be free, because its going to sell everywhere else. Why should the music industry care whether the money comes from a tour with $100 in profits or the exact same amount is broug ht in from CD purchases? In the end, it doesnt matter, money is still coming in and can be used to record more music. Then you talk about how music labels are closing because the lack of money they are getting but I actually think that record labels are trying to turn music into gold, music cording labels are getting a large cut of the artists money and are overcharging.The artist who are not yet discovered cant record a good album because the labels are asking for absurd quantities of money which the artist cant pay, so the label closes and the villous circle starts again elsewhere. I think labels should spend more time developing the artists because they would have a stake in them that extended n music and be looking for money and a the same time state that they truly care about the musicians.In conclusion I think that we do need to support our artists, but that could be done a million ways other than paying an overpriced dollar for a song. Ninth the internet now how can we be surprised when people now expect to get their music online for free? The internet file sharing and the advantages we now have in technology I see no way to make the clock turned back and force people to start paying again. So the business has to get creative and evolve away from the sale of recorded music and start receiving money in other ways.

Social environment Essay Example

Social environment Paper Demographic changes and opinions: Increasingly diverse racial and religious distribution of the population Income People and the environment Increasingly diverse racial and religious distribution of the population Cultural factors; religious beliefs, e. G. There is a negative demand for beef as cow is considered to be holy Subway; Subway will now have 185 hall outlets in the ELK; this was due to a strong demand for their Muslim customers. This is an example of a business changing to meet the needs of customers. Subways re trying to be more socially responsible by stunning their animals first, to appease consumers with strong moral objections. This is important because a study by Forbes showed that 65% of workers would seriously consider leaving their jobs if they worked for a company that harmed the environment. Research has shown that over 88% of consumers think companies should try to achieve their business goals while improving society and the environment. So therefore Subways diverse workforce may provide ideas that a more homogeneous workforce could miss. Also, they might have a greater understanding of markets that may be segmented on these factors. They may also provide more natural links to market opportunities abroad, through linguistic skills, cultural knowledge and knowledge of foreign markets. This can explain why Subway operates in 83 countries, with a rapid rise in sales in Germany, its second most valuable Western European market. Income Income can affect business. A companys products usually appeal to certain income groups. People with lower incomes are more sensitive to price and may prefer purchasing discount products. We will write a custom essay sample on Social environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Supermarkets are experiencing a hanged in market share because of the increase of people with lower incomes and less disposable income who are sensitive to price (elasticity of demand) and a shift in tastes and trends, with cheap foods becoming increasingly in demand. This means that the demand for discount food stores is increasing. Tests; an example of a food store that is experiencing a decrease in market share because people cannot afford Tests foods and prefer bargain stores like Lid. Decos market share over the last 12 weeks (from outhouse) compared to a year ago is down from 29. 6% to 28. 7%. Tests have responded to the threat with hard discounters by launching a price war on milk and other essentials. Tests has cut the price of pant milk to El to match budget chains. People are more aware Of the importance of the environment and becoming green consumers; prefer environmentally-friendly goods which have less impact on the environment e. G. Refer to travel by bus. Cataracts; expanding their recycling programmer to reduce waste minimizing energy consumption and using renewable energy sources Achieve this by developing more environmentally-friendly cups, evaluating store sign and operations to identify ways to reduce the amount of water used, use responsible building materials and energy efficient designs for their stores The changing nature of the ethical environment Moral principles that should underpin decision making. Ethical behavior involves actions and decisions that are seen to be morally correct Ethics are the set of moral values held by an individual or group. An organization may make decision that it believes to be morally right, rather than one that suits the needs of some of its stakeholders. Thus a decision made on ethical grounds might reject the most profitable solution for an organization in favor of one of greater benefit to society. Seibel ethical stances Organizations may take different stances in relation to ethics, including: Viewing shareholders or owners short term interests as their only responsibility Recognizing that well managed relationships with other stakeholders bring long term benefits to shareholders or owners Including the interested and expectations of stakeholders in their mission Taking an ideological approach and placing financial considerations secondary Ethical Codes An instruction from an organization to its employees to indicate how they would react to situat ions relating to moral values The focus of the code will depend on the business concerned. A typical code may include sections on Personal integrity in dealing with suppliers and in handling the firms resources Corporate integrity such as forbidding collusion with competitors and predatory pricing Social responsibility to provide products of genuine value that are honestly promoted Critics believe there is nothing more than public relations exercises Ethical Investment Stock market investment based on a restricted list of firms that are ethically sound Ethical investors do not invest in firms that Finance weapons deals to oppressive governments Make products involving tobacco, fur, animal testing and exploitative farming Do not act responsibly towards the environment or are not good employers Advantages/Disadvantages with Ethical Behavior Reviewing a firms ethical position A number of elements should be considered when reviewing a companys ethical position. Individuals Each person has their own set of personal standards derived from their upbringing educations and background. As they make decisions, their own ideas of what is right and wrong is involved Corporate culture Set of unwritten rules that affect the attitudes and management style of a business. This can affect how employees behave in order to do well at the business Public standards Operate in an environment that affect everything they do and the results they achieve. A public outcry against a particular type of activity will force a business to look at itself and decide if it needs to change. It may also mean other businesses look at themselves as well Competitors A USPS can be built based on emphasizing their ethical stance. Other businesses may then review their operations Ethics, Business Culture and Delegation Organizations have cultures and codes of behavior that affect attitudes, decision making and management style. If there is conflict between the ethical position of the organization and the moral values of the individuals it employs, then delegated decision making may not reflect the ethical position of the organization. The potential of this problem can be minimized if the culture is one which all employees understand and take responsibility for. Changing business cultures is not easy and investment in effective training and communication is important to ensure that all staff behave in an agreed ethical manner. Creating an ethical culture within a business can actually improve motivation and can become part of a wider policy of employee empowerment. Corporate Social Responsibility The duties of an organization towards employees, customers, society and the environment Benefits to Society Problems such as unemployment and pollution are likely to be reduced Quality Of life is likely to be improved Society longer term needs are likely to be considered rather than simply the short term needs of a business Life and business activity will be easier if everyone involved is working together for the common good Simply the right wing to do. Firms have a duty to be concerned with the wider impact of their activities Benefits to Firms Improved financial performance Reduced operating costs due to greater recycling Enhanced brand image and reputation which could bring in more customers, trading partners and makes it easier to attract capital investment Increased sales and customer loyalty Increased ability to attract and retain employees Access to capital Arguments against CARS Efficient use or resources is likely to be reduced if business are restricted by how they can produce and where they can locate which could lead to higher sots and prices Socially responsible policies can be costly to introduce Stakeholders tend to have differing objectives and are therefore unlikely to agree on what is socially responsible behavior Social responsibility may be just a passing fashion and nobody can be sure of the value of firms being socially responsible During a recession the objectives are profit and survival social responsibility doesnt matter here If something is important to society at large it can be argued that the government should pass laws to ensure everybody acts responsibly Just an extension of a firm being market orientated, meaning its only done as the customer wants it Overall, in the long term, CARS could benefit businesses, as the local community may improve in terms of wealth, quality of life and standard of living, meaning the firm could also benefit. Most large firms will produce an ethical code of practice. This will uphold the firms social responsibilities. This might include being environmentally-friendly wherever possible. Cataracts CARS; giving back to the environment Environmental mission statement; Understanding environmental issues and sharing these with staff Striving to ay, sell and use environmentally-friendly products Recognize that fiscal responsibility is essential to our environment future Installing environmental responsibility at a corporate value Example; serve high quality coffee that is ethically traded and responsibly grown. They do this through forest conservation efforts and farmer support centers. Why be ethical Marketing opportunities: A good reputation in relation to environmental issues can act as a positive marketing tool that encourages customers to choose one brand over another. They can also build a loyal customer base through USPS. Financial opportunities: Can actually make it easier to get money off certain banks banks like Cooperative will not lend money to firms with a reputation for damaging the environment. Lower costs through recycling and less waste. Human resources opportunities: Motivation, attract the best workers who want to work for a company with high standards. Poor reputation can damage reputation and the ability to attract high quality applicants Why not be ethical; More expensive to source raw materials, more expensive capital goods to cut pollution, Training workers to be ethical costs money, goings custom from more ruthless competitors Ethics or Public Relations? Public Relations Activities to boost the public profiles Of an organization Public relations usually involves obtaining favorable publicity via the press, television or radio. Unlike advertising, it is not paid for and there is no control over its content. When a business behaves ethically it may be good for PR. It has been suggested that the good PR is the main reason for ethical behavior it can help enhance the image of a business and is likely to generate more goodwill. This in turn will lead to improved sales and may eventually boost he companys share value. Example; Foxing (public relations)(benefits of not being ethical) Criticized for polluting nearby rivers with factory chemicals, black-green water dumped twice a day. Foxing said it is complying with emission standards and bring the factories into full compliance with policies and that other companies within the same industrial park are dumping water into the rivers too. This shows they are stating that their complying with emission standards for public relations because really they dont want to lose their competitive advantage from more ruthless competitors; doing it to save costs, generate reparability quick, keep costs low, keep up with demand etc More evidence that they care more about public relations is that they installed safety nets in some Of its factories and hired counselors to help its workers; not solving underlying problem of suicide so the social responsibility doesnt reflect genuine values, dont care about their staff, only care about deadlines and money. Example Primary: (genuine values) The roof of their factory in Bangladesh collapsed, killing more than 1000 people. Long-term compensation and support services for the workers and families who were irking in the factory payments end this month ($mm) = High cash outflows so less revenue. They also had building surveys to assess the structural integrity of factories which means they are addressing the underlying problem. However this may not actually affect Primary, this may be cheaper in the long term than paying their staff higher wages; a significant variable cost. This shows that corporate social responsibility is just a form of public relations and a way to back their reputation and offer a method to shut them up. Could be because of public relations?

Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Essay Example

Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Essay Example Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Paper Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Paper We then poured the water back into the test tube and placed the tube into the bucket with the opening upwards, turning the open end downwards after the tube was fully submerged beneath he surface. We then placed the canister directly below the opening of the test tube, and released the gas so that the bubbles rose into the test tube. Next, we used a cork whose head was larger than the opening of the test tube to block off the opening (without changing the pressure inside of the tube), so that we could transport the remaining water to a graduated cylinder. When doing this, it was very important that the water level inside of the tube was equal to that of the surrounding water in the bucket, because that ensured that since the eater pressure in the tube was the same as that of the surrounding water, the pressure of the gas would be the same as that of the surrounding air. Thus, we recorded the gas pressure to be the same as the pressure in the room, which was calculated to be 763. 0 meg. We poured the remaining water from the test tube into a graduated cylinder to calculate the difference between the original water volume and the volume remaining, because this difference was equal to the volume of the gas released. Next, we blow-dried and shook the canister to get rid the extra mass that would eave been added by any water that had clung onto it while it was in the bucket, and weighed the canister again. We subtracted this mass from the original mass of the canister to find out the mass of gas released. Now that we had collected our data, we used Talons law of partial pressures to calculate the pressure of the gas from the canister alone, so we subtracted the pressure of the water vapor at the recorded water temperature (1 5. ICC) from the total pressure of the gas (763. 0 meg). With the pressure of the unknown gas lone, we were ready to plug our values into the IV=nor equation. Solving for n, we were able to determine how many moles of the gas we had used, so we only had to divide the mass of gas used by the moles to calculate the molar mass of the gas (in grams per mole). With the molar mass of the gas, we were able to identify the gas. 2. Results: Below are the values we recorded for each step in the experiment, as well as the calculations we made to come up with the molar mass of the unknown gas. Thus, the unknown gas was butane, CHICHI, whose molar mass is about 58. G/ mol. 3. Discussion: The theory behind our experiment was to find each necessary factor in the simplest, most accurate way. The most difficult part was figuring out how to catch all of the gas that we released, and to measure the volume of that gas precisely. The method we used was very effective because we were able to see the movement of the gas, and we were therefore able to control its entry into the test tube. Our results were pretty accurate, but there was some room for error. Below are the calculations for the percent error of our molar mass assortment. Some of the sources of error came from possible procedural problems, while others came due to the theoretical limitations of the experiment. One of the procedural difficulties we may have encountered was that there might have still been some water left on the canister when we weighed it the second time. Because the second mass of the canister would have the added mass of the water, the difference between the original mass and the mass after the gas had been released would have been smaller. Thus, we would have recorded a lower ass of gas released, so the molar mass calculation would have been lower because the numerator of the equation would have been smaller. Perhaps we could have blow-dried the canister for a longer period of time until we were absolutely sure that no water remained. Another procedural problem was the balance we used. Because it only measures to the hundredths place, we recorded the mass of the gas released to only one significant figure. Because of this, we were limited to only one significant figure in our calculation of the molar mass, so although we would have had an answer of 52. G/mol, we had to round down to 50 g/mol, which led to a greater percent error. The theoretical difficulties arose because we were applying the ideal gas law to a real gas. So, for example, while ideal gas particles have elasticity and dont lose speed or energy when they collide, the particles of a real gas do lose energy and speed, and this decrease leads to lower pressure. Also, ideal gases do not have any intermolecular forces, and the volume of the particles of an ideal gas can be ignored, but with a real gas, the particle size makes a difference. Because butane molecules are so large ND exist in a state very close to liquid form, we know that there are very strong dispersion forces holding the molecules together. Larger molecules have more momentary dipoles, and thus a stronger attraction, so because the molecules are held so close together, the volume we recorded was smaller than it would have been if butane were an ideal gas. However, despite these errors, our calculated molar mass was not very far from the actual molar mass of butane gas, so we did a relatively good job of controlling these variables that could have greatly affected our results.

A paper on the slavery and discrimination throughout the history of Essay

A paper on the slavery and discrimination throughout the history of Chinese Immigration in Canada - Essay Example As such the history of Chinese immigration to Canada is a story paved with both slavery and discrimination. Discrimination as to race, age and gender are not only discouraged in Canada, it is considered criminal. The push to eradicate discrimination is so strong that even its citizens have the reputation of being exceedingly politically correct. There are even some who mock them for being ‘too friendly’ a country. But its surprising that such a tactful country, overly sensitive against discrimination has a dark past. And this is not merely the case of the citizenship oppressing certain minority group. On the contrary, it is the government who committed these act of prejudice as it actually legislated a series of discriminatory laws. But in June 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized at the Parliament for the discriminating policies imposed on Chinese immigrants in the early 20th century. "On behalf of the people and government of Canada, we offer a full apology to Chinese-Canadians for the head tax and express our deepest sorrow for the subsequent exclusion of Chinese immigrants," said Harper. (Xinhua) "We acknowledge the high cost of the head tax meant that many family members were left behind in China, never to be reunited, or that families lived apart and in some cases in extreme poverty for years," he said. It is believed that an estimate of 81,000 people paid this tax. (Xinhua) And on the day of the apology, there are about 35 survivors, 360 of their widows and fewer than 4,000 of their children. (Xinhua) Some of these survivors were present during the apology. Methodology To better understand the abovementioned apology, a research on the factual basis was necessary. Reference to news articles and news archives where made. As well as those to different sector groups. This report aims to present the discrimination suffered by the Chinese when they immigrated to Canada. Hence, after determining the historical facts, analysis of these data would proceed. And a discussion of the discrimination committed against Chinese immigrants in Canada would follow. Historical Background According to my research the following are the historical background of the immigration of Chinese nationals to Canada: The first Chinese immigrants to set foot in Canada were brought from Macao in 1788 by British explorer John Meares. And it was said that they were also the last for the next 70 years. It was thought that they married into native communities on the island and their cultural traces soon lost. (Chinese Immigration) In 1842, Britain and China entered the Treaty of Nanking where in it said that their respective subjects should enjoy full security and protection within the territory of the other. (Con) This included Canada. In the 1850's, due to the gold rush, there was an influx of Chinese immigrants in North America. But when gold was found in Frasier River in British Columbia in around 1858, these Chinese migrants headed north to Frasier Island in British Columbia. In 1860, others began to arrive in British Columbia directly from China. In 1861, a Victoria newspaper welcomed the immigrants by saying: "We have plenty of room for many thousands of Chinamen. There can be no shadow of a doubt but their industry enables them to add very largely to our own revenues." (Chinese Immigration) But they worked as cooks, launderers or as houseboys for wealthy white families. In the 1870's these immigrants were predominantly male. By 1879, the number of Chinese immigrants in the province was estimated to be 6,000. In 1880's the Canadian Pacific Railway was constructed and Chinese workers were brought to help. Between 1881 and 1884, over 15,000 Chinese came to Canada. But Chinese workers were often called on to do the more dangerous jobs. They worked with explosives, carried heavy rocks and stayed in unsafe tents. And pay was really low as compared with the

Greenpeace Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Greenpeace - Case Study Example In other words, Greenpeace has a reputation of an organization that is not afraid to take bold actions in order for the society to change its current perspective on the relationships with nature. In the case that will be examined in this paper one is able to see the following situation: Greenpeace has been a long proponent of switching from harmful substances that are used in refrigerators to those that are environmentally friendly. Finally, it was able to success in it by finding a company that would be willing to introduce the changes. This marked the transition from a conflict based approach of promoting environmental values to an approach that relied on cooperation and reasoning. Nowadays, Greenpeace is known to have promoted its environmentally friendly coolant almost all over the world, excluding the United States. However, there is hope that one day it may change since large companies are many certain steps towards it. To begin with, it may be rather useful to evaluate the tactics that was used by Greenpeace in the Greenfreeze campaign. First of all, one might mentioned that the organization in question tried to target the brand that directly interact with the consumers and, therefore, value their reputation. Indeed, this is a rather smart move since big industrial corporations never contact with people to whom they sell their product and they can hardly be influenced. On the other hand, big bands are willing to gain a competitive advantage by trying to attract their customers with the use of new environmentally friendly technologies (Kaufmann, 2014, p. 103). What is more important is that these brands are able to have a direct impact on the manufactures; so, by targeting them Greenpeace made a right choice. Another aspect of the strategy that should be mentioned is the fact that it promoted the technology worldwide by making sure that companies

Naturalism And Anti Naturalism Philosophy Essay

Naturalism And Anti Naturalism Philosophy Essay Naturalism is the natural state where there is no other types of knowledge other than scientific knowledge and aims to explain all known or other apparently un natural. Naturalism is justified by empirical evidence, experiment, empiricism, theory, data collection and laws. Anti-Naturalism denies the claim of human behaviours and evidence supporter but do not have the same positive route instead comes from hermeneutics. Example Human action is characterized by intentionality, rationality and reflexivity. ii. falsificationism and hermeneutics The falsificationism is proposed by scientist K.Popper. According to him, the scientific knowledge has to be at least in principle, if principle or theory is refutable and the logic behind no matter how large is empirical evidence, scientist does not attempt to prove or make their theory plausible by means of observations and experiments. Scientist should put the theory on trial by falsification. This methodology is falsificationism. If the theory is not stand by falsification the theorem is not true. Hermeneutics is the study of interpretation and understanding. It has broad scope; its base is in literary criticism rather than linguistics. It is one of the most sophisticated ways of reading text and concerns with understanding its meaning, how it is related to its own contemporaneous world and in turn, how it is related to our present world. It is criticized for having no any theoretical base that, some argue and leads practitioners to invent underlying structures rather than discover them. iii. realism and anti-realism Realism is the position that maintain, there is a real world and that is independent of us. It is concerning with science and should therefore be to give true or approximately true description of reality. Anti-realism means there is no possible justification of believing in reality other than constructed in human mind. In anti-realism we make our own world in mind or we can say Anti-realism and idealism is very much similar. iv. Marxism, feminism and humanism Marxism is historical materialism. This theory revolves round material condition of human existing and different modes of production of societies called the capitalism. These modes create certain relationship and attitudes towards nature. This relation reforms economical based of society and its activity, it could be living matter, political system and religious belief etc. In Classical sense Marxism is a historicist in which it past detailed knowledge in order to know something about present. Feminism is holistic theory in comparison with individual conduct explained by laws, scale and social facts. Mass of feminism is related with economic of society. It is the way of justify the knowledge claims. Humanism is more of precision and assumes that human beings have consciousness, intentionality and we all are moral beings. All human being actions are voluntarily and which allowed individual exercise with their free wheel in the machine of societies. The structure of society is influenced by human and its activities. v. post-modernism Post-modernism is against the grand theory (other social theories and methods) in Post modernistic methods, several voices and theories not just only one are allowed to say and no theory is privilege over known. Post-modernism creates differences, often uses construction and analysing tool and way to understand research and difference discourses involved. In Post-modernism, knowledge is multiple and situated which means situation is depended upon circumstances. 2. What can post-modernism be accused for and what do you think about it? Post-modernism can be accused for its relativism, it makes some time impossible to choose between two different interpretations. In different prospective we have different answer in those case both answer are right and it is difficult to act which is correct and which should be judged correctly. 3. Do you think it is possible to be a pure realist or anti-realist, and naturalist or anti-naturalist? I think it is not possible to be pure realistic or anti realistic and naturalist or anti realist as a practical matter. Its depend upon in which field you are conducting your research. Realist is based on scientific theories who describes that there is real world which is independent us, while Anti realist is who takes scientific theories which is not true. Realist and anti realist behave identical in doing scientific research. The only difference is that the realist adds an extra and unnecessary assumption that the reason our best theories are so empirically useful is that they accurately describe the world as it is, whereas the anti-realist prefers not to make that assumption (Pigliucci, 2012). As an example, theory A is true or false on the basis of some empirical evidence or test and it may not in other evidence or test because there might be many theories logically coherent to give empirical evidence. Similarly, Naturalism is the way of scientific methods on the basis of empirical evidence. For doing research in natural science is based on theory, laws, data collection and experiment but in case of social science like human geography is not always based on such evidences, its also based on human behaviour and experience and its support anti naturalism. 4. Do you think it is possible to exclusively have only an empiristic or hermeneutic perspective in the search of knowledge? It is not exclusively possible either empiristic or hermeneutic in the search of knowledge. The main question arises here in which field you are doing your research; natural science or social science. Empiristic way of searching knowledge always emphasis on evidence such as; observation, data collection and experiment as the basis of scientific knowledge to justify its claim. Empiristic supports naturalism. But hermeneutic way of searching knowledge is based on number of ways of interpreting human action such as, idealism, phenomenology, postmodernism, and post -structuralism. Hermeneutic supports anti naturalism. As a researcher both prospective have to choose according to research field. The following problem requires a little bit more of time and space: 6. Write a short essay (2-3 pages long) describing some different scientific philosophies in relation to your own research area. GIS and its Philosophy: Introduction: The term Geographical Information system (GIS) or geographic information system is recent phenomena, was used in North America and frequently applied to geographically based computer technology. It is very difficult to exactly define the term GIS due to number of reasons. There has been some debate about its origin and first application in the field although there have been several technological and theoretical organizational developments during the last thirty years. The rapid rate of progress has not been conductive to the analysis and definition of GIS (Maguire: 1991). The GIS is broad field, it is characterized by diversity of applications because it is integrated systems which brings many developed ideas including agriculture, botany, computing, economics, engineering, mathematics, photogrammetry, surveying, zoology and mostly Geography together in the same platform. There is not specific theory or philosophy which exactly defines the GIS because there are many different ways of defining and classifying objects and subjects. Due to diversity application of GIS in different field, many different methods have been applied to GIS. Classifications based on functionality have been popular and some other tried to develop schemes based genealogy, cost size, platform, application area and data model (Maguirie: 1991). There are theoretical difficulties of genuine academic debate about the central focus of present GIS activity. Some people believe that GIS focuses hardware and software, other argues that the main element is information processing, some people think that GIS is just tools or is it social process? Here are some definitions given by GIS philosopher: Aronoff (1989): any manual system or computer based set of procedures used to store and manipulate geographically referenced data. Carter (1989): an institutional entity, reflecting an organizational structure that integrates technology with a database, expertise and continuing financial support over time. Parker (1998): an information technology which stores, analyses and displays both spatial and non spatial data. Dueker (1979): a special case of information systems where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features, activities, or events ,which are definable in spaces as points, lines or areas. A GIS manipulates data about these points, lines and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses. GIS and Feminism: Kwan (2002) argued how some of most influential feminist were used in the critical disclosure of GIS. For example Donna Haraway (1991), Liz Bondi and Mona Domosh (1992) were criticized GIS for objectifying way of knowing and the transcendent vision or the Gods eye view it enables. But Haraway (1991) proposition about possibility for feminist to undermine the views towards the main subjects was ignored, an important aspects of her cyborg agenda was lost in critical disclosure. According to Kwan (2002), using of Haraway in asserting GIS impose systems of monitoring misses her emphasis on womens participation in science and technology. He mentioned that women engagement with GIS as an important feminist strategy for writing cyborg and warns that failure to do so can severely impact upon gender equality in Geography on the basis of recent result of enrolment and employment trends of Women Geographers. The form of another engagement with GIS is to raise the voices of feminist GIS users and researchers who spoke their personnel experience on the issue of GIS. Carol Hall (1996) explored the link between the masculinist culture of Computer work and GIS lab, where women cultural identity is dominated by constituted technology culture and turn affects their attitude towards GIS technology. Hagger (2003) mentioned about the discomfort experienced in the GIS lab, which she described as the domain of white, middle to upper class graduate geography students. GIS and Post modernism: Postmodernism theory argue for the productive view of the objects either objects in reality with essential attributes or such objects are indirectly created by people for their needs. GIS is objective subscriber because objects are located in Cartesian space. There are at least three aspects of GIS (Yapa: 1998)- it technology, disciplinary location and methodology, which maintained the distance from concern of modern social theory. In this instance, GIS played the very limited role for addressing the social problems and question related to social policy.